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random.c
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1994-10-22
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/*
* Copyright (c) 1983 Regents of the University of California. All rights
* reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permitted provided that
* the above copyright notice and this paragraph are duplicated in all such
* forms and that any documentation, advertising materials, and other
* materials related to such distribution and use acknowledge that the
* software was developed by the University of California, Berkeley. The
* name of the University may not be used to endorse or promote products
* derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS
* SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
* WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
* MERCHANTIBILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
*/
/*
* Some minor changes were made by me (C. Swiger):
*
* removed SCCS gunk added external prototypes for both ANSI & non-ANSI
* compilers removed unused variable "j" from srandom() re-indented and
* respaced the code -- someone has one ugly coding style wrt whitespace
* ;-)....
*/
#include <stdio.h>
/* some prototypes - cba */
#ifndef NO_LINT_ARGS
#ifdef __STDC__
extern long random(void);
extern void srandom(unsigned int);
extern char *initstate(unsigned int, char *, int);
extern char *setstate(char *);
#else
extern long random();
extern int srandom();
extern char *initstate();
extern char *setstate();
#endif
#endif
/*
* random.c: An improved random number generation package. In addition to
* the standard rand()/srand() like interface, this package also has a
* special state info interface. The initstate() routine is called with a
* seed, an array of bytes, and a count of how many bytes are being passed
* in; this array is then initialized to contain information for random
* number generation with that much state information. Good sizes for the
* amount of state information are 32, 64, 128, and 256 bytes. The state can
* be switched by calling the setstate() routine with the same array as was
* initiallized with initstate(). By default, the package runs with 128 bytes
* of state information and generates far better random numbers than a linear
* congruential generator. If the amount of state information is less than 32
* bytes, a simple linear congruential R.N.G. is used. Internally, the state
* information is treated as an array of longs; the zeroeth element of the
* array is the type of R.N.G. being used (small integer); the remainder of
* the array is the state information for the R.N.G. Thus, 32 bytes of state
* information will give 7 longs worth of state information, which will allow
* a degree seven polynomial. (Note: the zeroeth word of state information
* also has some other information stored in it -- see setstate() for
* details). The random number generation technique is a linear feedback
* shift register approach, employing trinomials (since there are fewer terms
* to sum up that way). In this approach, the least significant bit of all
* the numbers in the state table will act as a linear feedback shift
* register, and will have period 2^deg - 1 (where deg is the degree of the
* polynomial being used, assuming that the polynomial is irreducible and
* primitive). The higher order bits will have longer periods, since their
* values are also influenced by pseudo-random carries out of the lower bits.
* The total period of the generator is approximately deg*(2**deg - 1); thus
* doubling the amount of state information has a vast influence on the
* period of the generator. Note: the deg*(2**deg - 1) is an approximation
* only good for large deg, when the period of the shift register is the
* dominant factor. With deg equal to seven, the period is actually much
* longer than the 7*(2**7 - 1) predicted by this formula.
*/
/*
* For each of the currently supported random number generators, we have a
* break value on the amount of state information (you need at least this
* many bytes of state info to support this random number generator), a
* degree for the polynomial (actually a trinomial) that the R.N.G. is based
* on, and the separation between the two lower order coefficients of the
* trinomial.
*/
#define TYPE_0 0 /* linear congruential */
#define BREAK_0 8
#define DEG_0 0
#define SEP_0 0
#define TYPE_1 1 /* x**7 + x**3 + 1 */
#define BREAK_1 32
#define DEG_1 7
#define SEP_1 3
#define TYPE_2 2 /* x**15 + x + 1 */
#define BREAK_2 64
#define DEG_2 15
#define SEP_2 1
#define TYPE_3 3 /* x**31 + x**3 + 1 */
#define BREAK_3 128
#define DEG_3 31
#define SEP_3 3
#define TYPE_4 4 /* x**63 + x + 1 */
#define BREAK_4 256
#define DEG_4 63
#define SEP_4 1
/*
* Array versions of the above information to make code run faster -- relies
* on fact that TYPE_i == i.
*/
#define MAX_TYPES 5 /* max number of types above */
static int degrees[MAX_TYPES] = {DEG_0, DEG_1, DEG_2, DEG_3, DEG_4};
static int seps[MAX_TYPES] = {SEP_0, SEP_1, SEP_2, SEP_3, SEP_4};
/*
* Initially, everything is set up as if from : initstate( 1, &randtbl, 128);
* Note that this initialization takes advantage of the fact that
* srandom() advances the front and rear pointers 10*rand_deg times, and
* hence the rear pointer which starts at 0 will also end up at zero; thus
* the zeroeth element of the state information, which contains info about
* the current position of the rear pointer is just MAX_TYPES*(rptr - state)
* + TYPE_3 == TYPE_3.
*/
static long randtbl[DEG_3 + 1] = {TYPE_3,
0x9a319039, 0x32d9c024, 0x9b663182, 0x5da1f342,
0xde3b81e0, 0xdf0a6fb5, 0xf103bc02, 0x48f340fb,
0x7449e56b, 0xbeb1dbb0, 0xab5c5918, 0x946554fd,
0x8c2e680f, 0xeb3d799f, 0xb11ee0b7, 0x2d436b86,
0xda672e2a, 0x1588ca88, 0xe369735d, 0x904f35f7,
0xd7158fd6, 0x6fa6f051, 0x616e6b96, 0xac94efdc,
0x36413f93, 0xc622c298, 0xf5a42ab8, 0x8a88d77b,
0xf5ad9d0e, 0x8999220b, 0x27fb47b9};
/*
* fptr and rptr are two pointers into the state info, a front and a rear
* pointer. These two pointers are always rand_sep places aparts, as they
* cycle cyclically through the state information. (Yes, this does mean we
* could get away with just one pointer, but the code for random() is more
* efficient this way). The pointers are left positioned as they would be
* from the call initstate( 1, randtbl, 128 ) (The position of the rear
* pointer, rptr, is really 0 (as explained above in the initialization of
* randtbl) because the state table pointer is set to point to randtbl[1] (as
* explained below).
*/
static long *fptr = &randtbl[SEP_3 + 1];
static long *rptr = &randtbl[1];
/*
* The following things are the pointer to the state information table, the
* type of the current generator, the degree of the current polynomial being
* used, and the separation between the two pointers. Note that for
* efficiency of random(), we remember the first location of the state
* information, not the zeroeth. Hence it is valid to access state[-1],
* which is used to store the type of the R.N.G. Also, we remember the last
* location, since this is more efficient than indexing every time to find
* the address of the last element to see if the front and rear pointers have
* wrapped.
*/
static long *state = &randtbl[1];
static int rand_type = TYPE_3;
static int rand_deg = DEG_3;
static int rand_sep = SEP_3;
static long *end_ptr = &randtbl[DEG_3 + 1];
/*
* srandom: Initialize the random number generator based on the given seed.
* If the type is the trivial no-state-information type, just remember the
* seed. Otherwise, initializes state[] based on the given "seed" via a
* linear congruential generator. Then, the pointers are set to known
* locations that are exactly rand_sep places apart. Lastly, it cycles the
* state information a given number of times to get rid of any initial
* dependencies introduced by the L.C.R.N.G. Note that the initialization of
* randtbl[] for default usage relies on values produced by this routine.
*/
#ifdef __STDC__
void
#else
int
#endif /* __STDC__ */
srandom(x)
unsigned int x;
{
register int i;
if (rand_type == TYPE_0) {
state[0] = x;
} else {
state[0] = x;
for (i = 1; i < rand_deg; i++) {
state[i] = 1103515245 * state[i - 1] + 12345;
}
fptr = &state[rand_sep];
rptr = &state[0];
for (i = 0; i < 10 * rand_deg; i++)
random();
}
}
/*
* initstate: Initialize the state information in the given array of n bytes
* for future random number generation. Based on the number of bytes we are
* given, and the break values for the different R.N.G.'s, we choose the best
* (largest) one we can and set things up for it. srandom() is then called
* to initialize the state information. Note that on return from srandom(),
* we set state[-1] to be the type multiplexed with the current value of the
* rear pointer; this is so successive calls to initstate() won't lose this
* information and will be able to restart with setstate(). Note: the first
* thing we do is save the current state, if any, just like setstate() so
* that it doesn't matter when initstate is called. Returns a pointer to the
* old state.
*/
char *
initstate(seed, arg_state, n)
unsigned seed; /* seed for R. N. G. */
char *arg_state; /* pointer to state array */
int n; /* # bytes of state info */
{
register char *ostate = (char *)(&state[-1]);
if (rand_type == TYPE_0)
state[-1] = rand_type;
else
state[-1] = MAX_TYPES * (rptr - state) + rand_type;
if (n < BREAK_1) {
if (n < BREAK_0) {
fprintf(stderr,
"initstate: not enough state (%d bytes) with which to do jack; ignored.", n);
return (char *)0;
}
rand_type = TYPE_0;
rand_deg = DEG_0;
rand_sep = SEP_0;
} else {
if (n < BREAK_2) {
rand_type = TYPE_1;
rand_deg = DEG_1;
rand_sep = SEP_1;
} else {
if (n < BREAK_3) {
rand_type = TYPE_2;
rand_deg = DEG_2;
rand_sep = SEP_2;
} else {
if (n < BREAK_4) {
rand_type = TYPE_3;
rand_deg = DEG_3;
rand_sep = SEP_3;
} else {
rand_type = TYPE_4;
rand_deg = DEG_4;
rand_sep = SEP_4;
}
}
}
}
state = &(((long *)arg_state)[1]); /* first location */
end_ptr = &state[rand_deg]; /* must set end_ptr before srandom */
srandom(seed);
if (rand_type == TYPE_0)
state[-1] = rand_type;
else
state[-1] = MAX_TYPES * (rptr - state) + rand_type;
return (ostate);
}
/*
* setstate: Restore the state from the given state array. Note: it is
* important that we also remember the locations of the pointers in the
* current state information, and restore the locations of the pointers from
* the old state information. This is done by multiplexing the pointer
* location into the zeroeth word of the state information. Note that due to
* the order in which things are done, it is OK to call setstate() with the
* same state as the current state. Returns a pointer to the old state
* information.
*/
char *
setstate(arg_state)
char *arg_state;
{
register long *new_state = (long *)arg_state;
register int type = new_state[0] % MAX_TYPES;
register int rear = new_state[0] / MAX_TYPES;
char *ostate = (char *)(&state[-1]);
if (rand_type == TYPE_0)
state[-1] = rand_type;
else
state[-1] = MAX_TYPES * (rptr - state) + rand_type;
switch (type) {
case TYPE_0:
case TYPE_1:
case TYPE_2:
case TYPE_3:
case TYPE_4:{
rand_type = type;
rand_deg = degrees[type];
rand_sep = seps[type];
break;
}
default:
fprintf(stderr, "setstate: state info has been munged (%d); not changed.", type);
break;
}
state = &new_state[1];
if (rand_type != TYPE_0) {
rptr = &state[rear];
fptr = &state[(rear + rand_sep) % rand_deg];
}
end_ptr = &state[rand_deg]; /* set end_ptr too */
return (ostate);
}
/*
* random: If we are using the trivial TYPE_0 R.N.G., just do the old linear
* congruential bit. Otherwise, we do our fancy trinomial stuff, which is
* the same in all ther other cases due to all the global variables that have
* been set up. The basic operation is to add the number at the rear pointer
* into the one at the front pointer. Then both pointers are advanced to the
* next location cyclically in the table. The value returned is the sum
* generated, reduced to 31 bits by throwing away the "least random" low bit.
* Note: the code takes advantage of the fact that both the front and rear
* pointers can't wrap on the same call by not testing the rear pointer if
* the front one has wrapped. Returns a 31-bit random number.
*/
long
random()
{
long i;
if (rand_type == TYPE_0) {
i = state[0] = (state[0] * 1103515245 + 12345) & 0x7fffffff;
} else {
*fptr += *rptr;
i = (*fptr >> 1) & 0x7fffffff; /* chucking least random bit */
if (++fptr >= end_ptr) {
fptr = state;
++rptr;
} else {
if (++rptr >= end_ptr)
rptr = state;
}
}
return (i);
}